The Appeal to (Irrelevant) Authority (Logical Fallacy)

The appeal to (false or irrelevant) authority  is a  fallacy in which a rhetor  (public speaker or writer) seeks to persuade an audience not by giving evidence but by appealing to the respect people have for the famous. Also known as ipse dixit and ad verecundiam, which means he himself said it and argument to modesty or respect respectively, appeals to authority rely entirely upon the trust the audience has as a speakers integrity and expertise on the matter at hand. As W.L. Reese puts it in Dictionary of Philosophy and Religion, though, not every  appeal to authority  commits this fallacy, but every appeal to an authority with respect to matters outside his special province commits the fallacy. Essentially, what he means here is that although not all appeals to authority are fallacies, most are — especially by rhetors with no authority on the topic of discussion. The Art of Deception Manipulation of the general public has been a tool of politicians, religious leaders and marketing experts alike for centuries, utilizing appeal to authority often to support their causes with little to no evidence for doing so. Instead, these figureheads use the art of deception to leverage their fame and recognition as a means to validate their claims.   Have you ever wondered why actors like Luke Wilson endorse ATT as Americas largest wireless phone coverage provider or why Jennifer Aniston appears in Aveeno skincare commercials to say its the best product on the shelves? Marketing firms often hire the most famous A-list celebrities to promote their products for the sole purpose of using their appeal to authority to convince their fans that the product they endorse is worth buying. As Seth Stevenson posits in his 2009 Slate article Indie Sweethearts Pitching Products, Luke Wilsons role in these ATT ads is straight-up spokesman — the [ads] are horribly misleading. The Political Con Game As a result, it is important for audiences and consumers, especially in the political spectrum, to be doubly aware of the logical fallacy of merely trusting someone on their appeal to authority. In order to discern truth in these situations, the first step, then, would be to determine what level of expertise the rhetor has in the field of conversation.   For instance, the 45th President of the United States, Donald Trump, often cites no evidence in his tweets condemning everyone from political opponents and celebrities to supposed illegal voters in the general election. On November 27, 2016, he famously tweeted In addition to winning the Electoral College in a landslide, I won the popular vote if you deduct the millions of people who voted illegally. However, no evidence exists that verify this claim, which only sought to alter public opinion of his opponent Hillary Clintons 3,000,000-vote lead over him in the popular vote count of the 2016 U.S. election, calling her victory illegitimate.   Questioning Expertise This is certainly not unique to Trump — in fact, a large majority of politicians, especially while in public forums and on-the-spot television interviews, use an appeal to authority when facts and evidence are not readily available. Even criminals on trial will use this tactic to attempt to appeal to the empathetic human nature of the jury in order to sway their opinion despite contradictory evidence.   As Joel Rudinow and Vincent E. Barry put it in the 6th edition of Invitation to Critical Thinking, no one is an expert on everything, and therefore no one can be trusted on their appeal to authority every time. The pair comment that whenever an appeal to authority is introduced, it is wise to be aware of the area of expertise of any given authority — and to be mindful of the relevance of that particular area of expertise to the issue under discussion. Essentially, in every case of appeals to authority, be mindful of those tricky appeals to irrelevant authority — just because the speaker is famous, doesnt mean he or she knows anything real about what theyre saying.

My Family A Christian Family - 1463 Words

I grew up in Peru in a Christian family, more specifically, an Evangelical one. At first, my family was Catholic however, in the year 2000 we converted to Evangelical. The mom of one of my friends in preschool invited my parents to her church’s anniversary and that is when everything changed for my family. Back then, I was a 6 year old child who did not have an understand of what was happening; all I can remember is my parents taking me and my sisters to the church every Sunday. By seeing old pictures, it is noticeable how my family changed completely after all of this. Before, as Catholics, we did believe in God and my three sisters and I were baptized in water when we were babies; however, we just attended church on special days or†¦show more content†¦In 1529, the â€Å"Protestant† word started being used since they were ‘protesting’ against the Church and its system; before that, these people referred to themselves as â€Å"reformers† because the word â€Å"protestants† sounded aggressive and negative. Therefore, different denomination names started appearing and each of them moved from Europe to different places, like America, where they started establishing themselves. I would only discuss about the Methodists and the Evangelical denominations since these two had been part of my family and my life as I grew up as a Christian. The Methodists were formed in England guided by John Wesley and they finally established themselves properly in America after the American Revolution. Before that, Wesley and other missionaries came to America, however, it wasn’t until around 1760 when they start settling their church successfully in colonies across the South and West (The United Methodist Church, 2016). I learned some of this during middle and high school since I attended a Methodist school and I had to know their history. My parents put me there because they found out that the Methodist and the Evangelical religion share a lot of things since both started from the Protestant movement. Talking about the origins of the Evangelical religion, it also appeared in the 18th century as part of the Protestantism, however, it involves a lot the different denominations that moved here to the United States. What help definingShow MoreRelatedMy Understanding Of Family Life And The Meaning And Content Of Christian Faith955 Words   |  4 Pageslistened to the radio broadcasts provided by the conservative Christian organization, Focus on the Family–both the daily broadcast on family issues and the weekly broadcast of the radio drama for children, Adventures in Odyssey. My understanding of family life and the meaning and content of Christian faith was heavily influenced by these broadcasts. I listened carefully to the dangers of straying beyond the strict confines of conservative Christian morality, and I can still hear the emphatic tone of voiceRead MoreReflection Paper On Structural Family Therapy755 Words   |  4 Pages As I Christian, I hold relationships in high esteem because I believe that relationships have the potential to highlight God’s glory in a unique way. I agree with S. J. Grenz (2002) that â€Å"the image of Cod does not lie in the individual per se, but in the relationality of persons in community† (p. 54). I believe that Satan knows this truth and attacks relationships in order to ruin God’s glory. In my opinion, this is evident by the amount of pain that occurs in relationships. I desire to bring gloryRead MoreAnnotated Bibliography On Family Therapy1629 Words   |  7 Pagesthis paper is to prepare an an notated bibliography on family therapy with emphasis on ethnicity and sociocultural influences on the problems of communication. This research includes twelve resources on authors with the following annotations: Delineation of the main focus or purpose of each author s work; Background and credibility of each author; Intended audience for the work; Any unique feature of the work; Theoretical understandings; Family therapy strategies or techniques; and a Conclusion orRead MoreFamily Ministry : A Comprehensive Guide928 Words   |  4 Pagesthis class with reading what Family Ministry is defined as opened up my view on how Family Ministry can be diverse in a variety of understanding. Diana Garland stated that â€Å"family ministry is any activity that directly or indirectly (1) forms families in the congregation community; (2) increases the Christlikeness of the family relationships of Christians; or (3) equips and supports families for the work to which they are called together.â⠂¬  Earlier in that reading, Family Ministry: A ComprehensiveRead MoreChristian Worldview Essay Paper1121 Words   |  5 PagesChristian Worldview Paper – Second Draft Christine Reiter CWV 101 – Christian World View 11/25/2012 Dr. Jim Uhley My Worldview My worldview is formed by my relationships, challenges and choices I have made, environmental surroundings and my family influence, all which have impressed on me my views of the world. According to Merriam-Webster’s Learners Dictionary, the definition of â€Å"Worldview† is â€Å"The way someone thinks about the world†. Although this simple phrase seems to the point, itRead MoreThe American Suburbs Are A Valuable Community For Families1669 Words   |  7 Pages The American suburbs are a valuable community for families. Some would debate that they are the best place to raise a family. They can provide a safe, loving, and nourishing place for a children but can also be a sheltered place to grow up. Suburbs are places with community and family and are a very important part of today s society and culture. â€Å"For many Americans the word suburb conjures up an image of post-world war II single family tract homes, products of the age of automobiles and superhighways†Read MoreHow do We Say our Last Good Byes in Mexico and in India Essay968 Words   |  4 Pagesthe culture, religion, customs and our own beliefs. However, there are some diffe rences between Indian Hindus and Mexican Christians as well as similarities between both countries and religions. Cooking their favorite meals on their deceased loved ones birthday, and anniversaries, is just one example of similarities they both have. Jumpa Lahiri describes that Gogol and his family prepared Ashoke’s favorite meal (Gogol’s father) on his first death anniversary (Namesake, Chapter 7). First, CustomsRead MoreFamily : Family With Family Essay1444 Words   |  6 PagesFamily Interview Family Therapy is a great way to open up and really get concerns and issues out in the open with families. The assignment was to have a non-clinical family interview, it was not like a therapy session, but it gave great insight of have a family session could go, it was a great experience. It allowed me to be the interviewer and ask questions about a family. It was a really interesting assignment. It consisted of selecting a family, asking questions, observing, and forming my thoughtsRead MoreThe Essence Of Arthur Dorl1184 Words   |  5 PagesDorl My cultural identity is a white, twenty-year old, German American, whose Christian and Republican. I hold true to the Bible and the life of Jesus Christ, Republican values and have high value for friends and family. With family and friends, my level of affection and openness varies slightly. I do not openly show affection towards family, but I would do anything to protect them, their integrity, and would not hesitate to lay down my life for them. Despite my willingness to protect family no matterRead MoreThe Importance Of Being A European American943 Words   |  4 Pagesin my (predominantly) Irish, British, and German heritage. Thanks to ancertory.com, I have been able to trace the clear majority of my family back to native European countries. Also, I have fun attempting to learn my native ancestral languages (impartially German,) dinning on European cuisines, and staying up-to-date on the latest European fashions. Like most Europeans, I too identify myself as being Christian. Unli ke most Europeans however, I take my Christian faith quite seriously. I try my best

The economic essential of digital strategy - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss aboutThe economic essential of digital strategy. Answer: Introduction This report depicts the effect of digital disruption in the business organization, Netflix. It is defined that before and after the digital disruption different level of changes might occur that would again make measurable changes in the organizations too. Adoption of new different technologies acts as a catalyst for business success (Bradley and OToole 2016). In order to provide an effective digital future to the business organization the system developers of the organization wills to change the digital platform from the traditional one. The identified issues for which the changes are required are elaborated in this report. In addition to this, the status of the work centered analysis before and after the digital disruption are illustrated in this report. One of the most well known American entertainment companies founded in the year of 1997 had to face digital disruption due to their initial business model (Moller, et al. 2017). The company was specialized in serving streaming media, DVD and also on demand online videos. In 2017, the company had around 109.26 million of consumers throughout the world. Basically their efforts for producing new products with high security and additional content their profit is also ranging from the $16.9 to $21.10 within 2017. Discussion on case details of Netflix Netflix is a streaming service provider that allows the consumers to watch wider variety of different TV shows, movies as well as documentaries. It provides different internet connected devices too (Kramer and Kalka 2017). Moreover, it can be said that, Netflix allows the consumers to enjoy unlimited opportunities to view different contents even without any kind of commercials. Though the company has huge number of viewers throughout but still for getting more competitive advantages they wished to expand their business and during making this change, they faced different issues those are required to be resolved sooner. In order to add more contents such as TV shows and movies as well they must undertook digital disruption in their company (Rosenstand et al. 2017). However, in order to gain measurable revenue from the competitive market including meeting the requirements of the consumers they changes their service platform into a cloud based one. Proper identification of the case Problems of Netflix case In the year of 2016, Netflix company announced that, they are willing expanded their business in around 130 countries within a day only. However, their service will not be available in China International market. Though, the expectation delivered a mixed resultant to their consumers and even to the company. In the initial three months of 2016, the net profit of the company was calculated to be internationally good. On the other hand in the second quarter of 2016, they failed to reach their expectation (Davis and Zboralska 2017). However, after the forecast of the company, it is found that the growth of the way for the company was below the street target measured by the company. The reasons for which they faced trouble in the international market are as follows: Local content limitation: There is a different company who serves effective service throughout. This particular limited amount is extremely related due to the religion competitors in the developed marketplace such as France, Germany etc (Riemer et al. 2015). It is found that the contents offered by Netflix are limited and the other competitors of the company offers more localized content to their consumers. This is a major trouble to the company which is needed to be resolved. Barriers in language: Netflix mostly offers English contents to their consumers that might hamper many counties like Russia, Portugal demand. According to the census of 2010, only 5% of the country could speak English. Therefore, language barrier is referred to as main issues for Netflix that hampered the revenue of the company. High expense: Many companies are there which offers similar kinds of services to the consumers. In order to develop the market of the competition level, significant changes are needed to be considered by the company. The initial requirement of any consumer is to adopt affordable subscription services (Flew 2017). However, in case of Netflix the monthly subscription charge was found to be very high than the others. This is the reason for which the number of consumers for the company is reducing day by day. Goals of the case The goal of Netflix is to deliver successful, on-time and affordable services to the consumers throughout the world avoiding expense issues and language barriers as well. It is expected that as soon as the company would start delivering affordable services to the consumers it would be able to gain competitive advantages and measurable revenue from the market as well. Moreover, the goal of the company is to resolve all the identified issues including few of the flaws. Other current ethical issues that have been identified by Netflix is that they lied to the public about their services openly. Therefore collective it is determined that the goal of the company is to deliver data caps those are restricted to avoid ethical dilemma. Apart from this, the communication team of Netflix also wills to offer good streaming experiences for the consumers for avoiding unexpected fines from the mobiles service providers. Challenges associated to digital disruption Different challenges might occur after the digital disruption. It is define that if digital disruption took place in the companies then the operational and functional ability of the company would be affected automatically (Kramer and Kalka 2017). The challenges associated to digital disruption are as follows: Security: During the digital disruption due to lack of security most of the information could be hijacked with unauthenticated external assaults. Data loss: In order to avoid the issues with services, delivery and price the company is willing to transfer their digital platform to a cloud based one. It is expected that it would help the business organization to resolve the issues accordingly (Valentine 2016). While changing the platform information might get lost from the server. If proper backup and disaster recovery plans are not added to the services then, data would surely get lost and cannot b ever retrieved again by the service providers. Recommendation to the company Different alternative solutions are there that helps to ensure the improvement of the Netflix services. The recommendation for the company is as follows: Development of modern streaming to make sure that Netflix has reached the growth of the operators To avoid the poor streaming issues throughout the world is facing Consumers should get on-time and secured services Implementation plan based on the recommendations In order to avoid the issues of security, communication, lack of availability of local contents Netflix is focused to bring digital disruption in their marketplace. The goal of the company is to deliver on time, accurate secured and enough content to the consumers throughout the world. In order to deliver services avoiding these issues, the company has changed their business model concept entirely. Netflix has developed a web based catalog service to their consumers which are able to rent movies of older time in the DVD format. They could deliver this service through mails also. Through this cloud based online website the consumers could develop their movies wish list (Flew 2017). According to the currently implemented service they would be allowed to deliver three movies from the consumers wish list with a minimal subscription charge which is $19.96 in each month. The profit of this service implies that there would be no such return deadline and late charges for the DVDs sent throug h emails. Even Netflix could also introduce a service for delivering movies and other television shows directly to the consumers PCs. It is expected that with the service quality Netflix could compete apple, Amazon etc. The other reasons for which it is determined that Netflix would reach success are as follows: They could make deals with Disney, CBS and Epix for the TV content This could introduce easy watch services as little as $8.98 per month It would introduce limitless TV and movies streaming services It could separate the online streaming videos and mail services for delivering DVDs to the consumers Conclusion From the overall discussion it can be concluded that, digital disruption is referred to as one of the important steps that has to be taken by different business organizations to minimize the rate of digital errors. Netflix a well-known entertainment service provider company serves their services throughout the world. The classic management textbox theory has predicted that the company should have failed now. While providing services to the company, it has been found that due to lack of security agenda the rate of competition was increasing and the service of this company is lagging behind. Instead of getting competitive advantages the company was facing tough competition from the other companies. Beyond the DVD distribution second act had also been created by the Netflix stock. Due to the knock of innovation at the doorstep, the company wills to change their platform from the previous one to the cloud based one. After identifying the problem, the different changes those have been nee ded and the changes occurred after the digital disruptions are also elaborated in this report. References Bradley, C. and OToole, C., 2016. An incumbents guide to digital disruption.McKinsey Quarterly, May. Davis, C. and Zboralska, E., 2017. Transnational over-the-top media distribution as a business and policy disruptor: The case of Netflix in Canada.The Journal of Media Innovations,4(1), pp.4-25. Dawson, A., Hirt, M. and Scanlan, J., 2016. The economic essentials of digital strategy.McKinsey Quarterly. Evans, P. and Forth, P., 2016. Navigating a world of digital disruption.IEEE Engineering Management Review,43(3), pp.89-97. Flew, T., 2017. Social media and the cultural and creative industries. InSAGE Handbook of Social Media(pp. 512-526). SAGE Publications Inc. Kramer, A. and Kalka, R., 2017. How digital disruption changes pricing strategies and price models. InPhantom Ex Machina(pp. 87-103). Springer International Publishing. Moller, L., Gertsen, F., Johansen, S.S. and Rosenstand, C., 2017, June. Characterizing digital disruption in the general theory of disruptive innovation. InISPIM Innovation Symposium(p. 1). The International Society for Professional Innovation Management (ISPIM). Reddy, S. and Reinartz, W., 2017. Digital transformation and value creation: Sea change ahead.GfK Marketing Intelligence Review,9(1), p.10. Riemer, K., Gal, U., Hamann, J., Gilchriest, B. and Teixeira, M., 2015.Digital Disruptive Intermediaries: Finding new digital opportunities by disrupting existing business models. University of Sydney, Business School and Capgemini. Rosenstand, C.A.F., Johansen, S.S., Tollestrup, C., Haase, L.M., Nielsen, K. and Gertsen, F., 2017, June. Interdisciplinary Digital Disruption Research Framework. InISPIM Innovation Symposium(p. 1). The International Society for Professional Innovation Management (ISPIM). Selwyn, N., 2016. Minding our language: why education and technology is full of bullshit and what might be done about it. Valentine, E., 2016. Governance of enterprise Information and Technology: A new core competency for boards of directors.

Structure of the UN Essay Example For Students

Structure of the UN Essay The League of Nations was a world organization established in 1920 to promote international cooperation and peace. It was first proposed in 1918 by President Woodrow Wilson, although the United States never joined the League. The league was essentially powerless and it was officially dissolved in 1946. This former international organization was formed after World War I to promote international peace and security. The basis of the League, the Covenant, was written into the Treaty of Versailles and other peace treaties and provided for an assembly, a council, and a secretariat. A system of colonial mandates was also set up. The U.S., which failed to ratify the Treaty of Versailles, never became a member. Based in Geneva, the League proved useful in settling minor international disputes, but was unable to stop aggression by major powers. For example Japans occupation of Manchuria (1931), Italys conquest of Ethiopia (1935-36), and Germanys seizure of Austria (1938). It collapsed early in World War II and dissolved itself in 1946. The League established the first pattern of permanent international organization and served as a model for its successor, the United Nations. The UN an international organization composed of most of the countries of the world was founded in 1945 to promote peace, security, and economic development. This international organization was established immediately after World War II to maintain international peace and security and to achieve cooperation in solving international economic, social, cultural, and humanitarian problems. It replaced the League of Nations. The name was coined by President Franklin Delano Roosevelt in 1941 to describe the countries fighting against the Axis powers in World War II.It was first used officially on January 1, 1942 when 26 states joined in the Declaration by the United Nations, pledging to continue their joint war effort and to make peace. The UN Charter, the organizations governing treaty, was drawn up in 19 45 at a conference held in San Francisco. The principal organs, as specified in the Charter, are the General Assembly, the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council, the Trusteeship Council, the International Court of Justice, and the Secretariat. The Secretariat, with the secretary general at its head, handles all administrative functions. Trygve Lie, the UNs first secretary general, was succeeded by Dag Hammarskjld, U Thant, Kurt Waldheim, Javier Prez de Cullar, and Boutros Boutros-Ghali. In 1945 there were 51 members; there are now 185. We will write a custom essay on Structure of the UN specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The UN has been very effective in keeping peace. Some early UN peacekeeping efforts included the establishment of armed forces to repel (1950) the North Korean attack on South Korea, the mobilization of troops and peacekeeping forces for the Congo, Cyprus, and the Middle East. The UN has prospered as a forum for debate intended to defuse international conflict, and it has worked to aid economic and technological development in developing nations.With the end of the cold war, the UN has become increasingly important to preserving and restoring international peace, most notably in Kuwait, with the authorization of the use of force against Iraq after its invasion, and Mozambique but less successfully in Cambodia, Bosnia, and Somalia. As the demand for peacekeeping forces has increased, however, the funds to pay for them have become harder to raise, and nations have not always been willing to contribute troops, particularly if the risks are high. The UN has been generally effective in keeping peace worldwide but it could be more effective. The UN would need to make changes in its constitution and in structure.A former problem with the UN was the abuse of the veto power by the former Soviet Republic. Another problem with the UN is countries look to better themselves rather than the worldwide community, and this causes countries to vote in blocks. There are three main blocks. The first is the communist block, the second is the western block, and the third is the third World or the Afro-Asian block. A third problem is member nations boycotting the UN. This is where a member nation pulls it ambassador from the general assembly in protest to a resolution. .u45391b6e1e0bfe2240b27f83842924da , .u45391b6e1e0bfe2240b27f83842924da .postImageUrl , .u45391b6e1e0bfe2240b27f83842924da .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u45391b6e1e0bfe2240b27f83842924da , .u45391b6e1e0bfe2240b27f83842924da:hover , .u45391b6e1e0bfe2240b27f83842924da:visited , .u45391b6e1e0bfe2240b27f83842924da:active { border:0!important; } .u45391b6e1e0bfe2240b27f83842924da .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u45391b6e1e0bfe2240b27f83842924da { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u45391b6e1e0bfe2240b27f83842924da:active , .u45391b6e1e0bfe2240b27f83842924da:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u45391b6e1e0bfe2240b27f83842924da .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u45391b6e1e0bfe2240b27f83842924da .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u45391b6e1e0bfe2240b27f83842924da .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u45391b6e1e0bfe2240b27f83842924da .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u45391b6e1e0bfe2240b27f83842924da:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u45391b6e1e0bfe2240b27f83842924da .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u45391b6e1e0bfe2240b27f83842924da .u45391b6e1e0bfe2240b27f83842924da-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u45391b6e1e0bfe2240b27f83842924da:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Film Production (1681 words) EssayThe problem of veto abuse is no longer a major issue for the UN because the have a veto over-ride when a proposal that