A critical analysis of how to gain competitive advantage and managing Essay

A critical analysis of how to gain competitive advantage and managing in hospitality industry through management of cultural diversity - Essay Example With this the hospitality sector cam to be organised as one of the most industries of the time. The industry got expert management with a number of well trained professionals. The hospitality industry brings together numerous people with different backgrounds with versatile cultures under one common roof and binds them with a number of professional codes and ethics. According to Spencer-Oatey (2012) culture is a concept developed over centuries. The concept of culture originates when Cicero first used this word to mean cultivation of souls. Later in the 17th century culture again appeared in modern Europe which referred to the refinement of individuals through education. During the 18th and 19th century that culture was more often used to refer to the national aspirations or ideals. It was in the 20th century that culture emerged as a central concept in anthropology which deals with the entire range of human ways of life and living which cannot be directly attributed to something inherited by the genes. According to the use of the term in American anthropology, culture firstly implies the evolved tendency of human beings to classify and express their experiences in the form of symbols, to behave imaginatively or creatively. Secondly, culture is also referred to the distinct ways in which people live with a set of belief and express their experi ences by shaping their lives along the lines of the derived experiences. According to the observations of Browne (2008) especially after globalisation different culture of the global community came to face each other, came to know about the existence of each other. With the establishment of multinational companies and their expanding operation in different countries, personnel are posted at international locations. Individuals with a distinct cultural identity and cultural practice work in a country with a different set or sets of culture. It is

For some people, monkeys, dogs, donkeys, termites, and grasshopper are Essay

For some people, monkeys, dogs, donkeys, termites, and grasshopper are highly prize foods. For others, the idea of eating some o - Essay Example † Human anatomy and physiology The incisors of humans are flat and spade-like, essential for peeling, snipping and biting soft materials. The canines are neither saw-like nor conical but are flattened, blunt and small and work like incisors. The premolars and molars are squarish, flattened and nodular, essential for compressing, grinding and pulping non-coarse foods. Human teeth are rather large and usually abut against one another. According to evolutionary theory, an omnivore might be anticipated to be a carnivore, which shows some gastrointestinal tract alterations to a herbivorous diet. The human gastrointestinal tract characterizes the anatomical modifications consistent with a herbivorous diet. Humans have brawny lips and a petite opening into the oral cavity (Milton, 1999:15). How humans evolved to consume meat The pattern of meat consumption in human evolution can be classified into four time periods namely opportunistic hunting and scavenging, full-scale hunting, the s hift to domesticated food sources and ultimately the reliance on animal tissues with fatty acid composition now associated with harmful health. The patterns of meat acquisition later took various forms as reflected in regional specializations, and exploitation of marine resources derived from fishing using new and innovative strategies of acquiring food. Domestic animal sources in regions like the Middle East used sheep, cattle, goats and later pigs and chicken were linked to food security, clothing and shelter as used in the provision for meat, milk and skin for clothing and housing materials. The warming trend, over-hunting and subsequent extinction of animals led to the appearance of new plants and animals that could now be domesticated (Milton, 1999:37). The ability to cook foods from tough to soft consistencies has led to the reduction in the bony areas of the facial skeletal that supports the teeth in the jaws, reduction in tooth size, less room for dentition resulting in the rise of occlusal abnormalities in humans and tooth decay. Bone size and structure was stronger in hunting and gathering regimes and weaker in agricultural settings (Milton, 1999:14). The trend of conspicuous and excessive red meat consumption in the human diet has seen a decline in health, increased occlusal abnormalities, increased iron deficiency anemia, infections and bone loss. What makes an animal an acceptable food item? According to observations and readings from various studies, culture and religious beliefs makes an animal an acceptable food item. There are certain animals, which can be readily consumed in some nations and not viewed as wrong, but this can be the opposite in other countries (Douglas, 1997: 37). For instance, the Hindu cannot consume cow meat as they view this animal as sacred. Other nations, for instance Americans, consume cow meat and view it as a delicacy. Among the Hebrews classification of edible and inedible foods is discerned in religion towards holin ess and integrity (Harris, 1997:66). Eastern religious influences such as Buddhism and Hinduism through their belief systems teach followers to minimize harm towards animals practiced by non-violence and compassion on all living creatures. In other groups, food taboos exist regarding the consumption of animal meat. Examples include monkey consumption in the Guaja community as taboo for pregnant women and their husbands, to adolescent girls for twelve

Breast Cancer Essay Example for Free

Breast Cancer Essay Cristian Davalos 2nd Period There are many different types of breast cancer. For example, breast cancer can begin in different areas of the breast like the ducts, the lobules, or in some cases, the tissue in between. In this essay I will explain the different types of breast cancer. I will also talk about the symptoms many women have when they get breast cancer. Then I will explain the treatments for breast cancer, and the alternative treatments. First of all, there are two main types of breast cancer invasive, and non-invasive, which means if the cancer is only in your breast or spreading out to other body parts. The first type is Ductal Carcinoma which is a non-invasive breast cancer where abnormal cells have been contained in the lining of the breast milk duct. The second type is Invasive Ductal Carcinoma which means that abnormal cells that originated in the lining of the breast milk duct have invaded surrounding tissue. The third type is Triple Negative Breast cancer which means that the cells in the tumor are negative for progesterone, estrogen, and HER2/neu receptors. The fourth type is Inflammatory Breast Cancer which is a less common form of breast cancer that may not develop a tumor and often affects the skin. The fifth type is Metastatic Breast Cancer which is cancer that has spread beyond the breast, sometimes into the lungs, bones, or brain. The sixth type is breast cancer during pregnancy; women who are diagnosed with breast cancer during pregnancy may face tremendous additional strain due to concern for the safety of the unborn child. There are also other types that are less common which include Medullary Carcinoma, Tubular Carcinoma, and Mucinous Carcinoma. Next, the symptoms women get before the actually get breast cancer. Some women may get a lump in the breast or underarm that persists after your menstrual cycle. This is usually the first apparent symptom of breast cancer. Most all lumps associated with breast cancer are usually painless, but in some cases it may cause a prickly sensation. Another symptom is swelling in the armpit, pain or tenderness in the breast. Also any change in the size, contour, texture, or temperature of the breast, a reddish, pitted surface like the skin of an orange could be a sign of advanced breast cancer. In some cases a change in the nipple, such as a nipple retraction, dimpling, itching, a burning sensation, or ulceration, or a scaly rash of the breast may be associated with an underlying breast cancer. Finally, the treatments of breast cancer have two major goals, which are to rid the body of the cancer as completely as possible, and to prevent cancer from returning. One treatment is Chemotherapy which uses drugs to kill cancer cells. Another type is Hormone therapy such as tamoxifen in premenopausal and postmenopausal women and the aromatase inhibitors arimidex, aromasin, and femara in postmenopausal women. Hormone therapy uses drugs to prevent hormones, especially estrogen, from promoting the growth of breast cancer cells that may remain after breast cancer surgery. Also, another treatment is biological therapy such as Herceptin, Perjeta, or Tykerb, which work by using the bodys immune system to destroy cancer cells. These drugs target breast cancer cells that have high levels of a protein called HER2. Alternative types of breast cancer treatments are lumpectomy surgery to remove a tumor and a small amount of normal tissue around it. Also another alternative treatment is partial mastectomy surgery which is to remove the part of the breast that has cancer and some normal tissue around it. The lining over the chest muscles below the cancer may also be removed. This procedure is also called a segmental mastectomy. Another treatment is total mastectomy, is surgery to remove the whole breast that has cancer. This procedure is also called a simple mastectomy. The last alternative treatment is modified radical mastectomy surgery which is to remove the whole breast that has cancer, many of the lymph nodes under the arm, the lining over the chest muscles, and sometimes, part of the chest wall muscles. In conclusion, as you may see there are many types of breast cancer and also a whole lot of treatments, as well as alternative treatments. References http://www. breastcancer. org/symptoms/types http://www. mayoclinic. com/health/breast-cancer/HQ00348 http://www. nationalbreastcancer. org/types-of-breast-cancer http://www. webmd. com/breast-cancer/guide/breast-cancer-treatment http://www. cancer. gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/breast/Patient/page5

Coca Cola In Egypts Market Marketing Essay

Coca Cola In Egypts Market Marketing Essay The Coca-Cola Company is established in 1886 by the pharmacist Dr. John Pemberton in Atlanta, in the beginning it was sold as a medicine. The Company registered its trade mark in March 27, 1944. Nowadays it is spread in more than 200 countries with over 500 brands and 3,300 beverage products. These products include sparkling beverages and still beverages, such as waters, juice drinks, teas, coffees, sports drinks and energy drinks. The top five NARTD (non alcoholic ready to drink) are: Coca-Cola, Diet Coke, Sprite and Fanta. The number of employees worldwide is 92,400 and headquarter is in Atlanta. The Coca-Cola Company is listed on the New York Stock Exchange under the ticker symbol KO. The Coca-Cola system operates on a local scale in every country where they do business. It does not own or control most of its bottling partners, its compromises the company and the bottling partners. The Company has more than 300 bottlers worldwide. Coca-Cola manufactures and sells concentrates, bev erage bases and syrups through its concentrate plant to bottlers; it does own the brands and is responsible for brand marketing initiatives. The bottling Companies manufacture, package, merchandise and distribute the finished branded beverages to Coca-Cola customers and vending partners, who then sell the products to the consumers.1 This was an overview on the Global Coca-Cola Company. Lets look to Coca-Cola Egypt as the paper is studying the company in Egypt. Coca-Cola exists since 1942 and has two bottlers TCCBCE and El Nile Beverage Company. The bottling operation ownership for The Coca-Cola Bottling Company (TCCBCE) is: 51% TCCBCE and 49% Coca-Cola Company as for El Nile its 100% owned by El Nile. The entire system has 11,494 full time employees. 1-coca-cola annual report The Strategic business units that the company operates in Egypt are carbonated soft drinks, energy drinks and mineral water. The company recorded revenues of $78,526 million during the financial year ended December 2009 with an increase of 15% compared to 2008. The increase of 12% in revenues was coming from CSD (carbonated soft drinks) segment and 3% from the Mineral water segment. However there is a decrease in the CSD growth rate by 3% in 2009 which was 15.6% (FY 07-08) versus 12% (FY 08-09) the decrease is due to change in the consumer life style became healthier conscious. Egypt juice Industry analysis The non carbonated soft drinks are considerate to have a huge potential within the juice sector. Egypt juice industry is a lucrative market with a value of $/$216mm, it is growing from 11-22% over the last eight years. The industry sales are 44 mm unit cases in 2009. The juice segment expected to grow at 11% Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) in 2012 while the Carbonated Soft Drinks (CSD) segment is expected to grow at 4.7% Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) in 2012. Based on retail audits done by the AC Nielsen and Protrac studying the Egyptian beverage market the result shows that the consumer life style is changing and became healthier conscious and they are shifting to the drinks that are healthier. The CSD market is shrinking and other markets are developing. Juice is a lucrative product category that has been growing consistently over the past 8 years. The juice industry depends on farms that cultivate fruits. The different juice type: Fruit-Flavored Drink is a 100% concentrate, Juice Drinks it contain up to 24% Juice, Nectar contains 25% up to 99% juice and product called 100% juice is a product of 100% juice. PESTEL Analysis for Juice in Egyptian market PESTEL analysis is a business measurement tool that helps to understand the external surroundings and market as such the position, potential and direction for a business. PESTEL stands for Political factors e.g. changes in government policies, Economic factors relate to changes in the wider economy such as rises in living standards or the general level of demand, Social factors explain the buying patterns and buying attitude, Technologic factors is the changes in innovation potential, Environmental factors include the weather and climate change and Legal factors major legal changes that have affected firms where they operate. All these factors are used to assess the market. Political factor Egypts political condition is secure and a completely democratic republic is projected within the near future. Egypt was ruled by many countries before establishing freedom and today it is run by a multi-party semi-presidential system where the supervisory power is separated between the president and the prime minister, although in practice the president tends to hold a larger share of the power. Egypts political system presently receives much needed financial support from the US which is helping to develop the country into a new era of optimism. Egypt increased inward investment, creating a rich investment atmosphere. Economic factor The economic environment in Egypt is ready for investment. Egypts economic freedom score is 59.0, making its economy the 94th freest in the 2010 Index. 3.2% increase in gross domestic product (GDP) Per capita to reach $2,161. Per capita consumption of non alcoholic ready to drink (NARTD) will increase by 30% reaching in 2020. Growth is highly driven by stills (juices and water). Juice is the fastest growing category with Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) increase of 11 % driving growth of non alcoholic ready to drink NARTD. Social factor Key factors behind the forecast increase of juice market in Egypt is the new consumer lifestyle preferences for healthier drinks and scare of obesity which resulted a slowing growth rates for sales of carbonated soft drinks (CSD) market. Despite the fact the carbonated soft drinks (CSD) market has remained profitable. One of the main characteristic of Egyptian life style is the importance of family and friendships. Egyptians are enormously socials and one of the importances of their life style is the relaxation time which they spend with friends or families at home, cafà © or restaurants. An important part of Egyptian residents is the eating behavior. The last five years the coffee shops spread very fast in daily life especially in young adults and teen generation. The consumption of juice is correlated to person age. Population is 81 Million out of which 50% are under 20 years. 50% of the population is the prospective juice target (kids and teenagers) because 64% of ready to drink juice volumes comes from 8-29 yr olds skewed towards 8-11 yrs old. Technology factor The juice industry benefits of a huge technology. Its for the sake of both business and the consumer when new technologies guide to better quality products. The industry depends on the quality of fruits that are growing in the country. Juice makers divided their production into two different forms pasteurized and raw juice. Technology helps to retain the properties of fruit the same as its original taste. Juice shelf life is small due to defect that can happen based on environmental climate. To extend the shelf life, juice is pasteurized on the same method as milk which for decades can be considered a middle ground between raw and ultra-pasteurized. The flavor of milk is affected by pasteurization much more strongly than fruit juices tend to be. Ecological factors Juice Industry is depending on agriculture and fruit growth wherever it spread. It is necessary to realize that fruit growing relies on agricultural land, water and suitable climate. Fertilizers used in agriculture can be a source of environmental pollution. Major change in climate occurring due to global warming can impact the farming industry. This leads to a need of integration of farmers into an agro environmental program that needs a support and keeping production procedures in accordance with environmental protection and sustainability of natural process. Legal factors Legal issues involve laws in juice production regulated by Egyptian government which prohibits use of returnable glass bottles. Such regulation negatively affects juice industry as returnable glass bottles are more profitable. Porter five forces model for juice sector Porters Five Forces Model was developed by Michael E. Porter in his book Competitive Strategy: Techniques for Analyzing Industries and Competitors in 1980. The famous book he wrote in his thirties became an international best seller, published in nineteen languages and re-printed approaching sixty times. Since that time Porters Model became an important tool help for analyzing an organizations industry structure in strategic processes. Porter has identified five competitive forces that shape every industry and every market. These forces determine the intensity of competition and hence the profitability and attractiveness of an industry and answer the question of What are the key factors that can determine a business success? The five forces are described as follows: Threat of new entrants Bargaining power of customers Competitive rivalry within the industry Bargaining power of suppliers Threat of substitutes Recklies Management Project GmbH www.themanager.org (figure 1) Bargaining Power of Customers Threat of New Entrants Threat of Substitutes Competitive Rivalry between Existing firms In combination with a PESTEL-Analysis, which reveals drivers for change in an industry, Five Forces Analysis can reveal insights about the potential future attractiveness of the industry. Porters Model is useful tools to determine potential changes of competitive forces. Bargaining power of suppliers Bargaining power of suppliers is described by how much power suppliers have on you in a specific industry or market. A business or a producing industry requires inputs to give a final product such as raw materials, labor, component and other supplies. This lead to a relationship between buyer and supplier provide raw materials used in the production. Supplier is called powerful when he has influence on the producing industry. Lets focus on suppliers in Egyptian juice industry and how much they have power influencing the production of the final juice product. Juice industry depends on many suppliers; sugar, material required in packaging, preservative, flavor and a key player in juice industry is the juice concentrate supplier. Juice supply chain starts form farm that depend on fruit seasonality. The crop of any fruit varies from time to time in quantity and quality based on climate changes and natural crises. This is the main reasons that change in juice concentrate availability pric e and quality. Juice concentrate suppliers are divided in three categories. Suppliers that produce concentrate and use them in the production of final juice product, others that produce concentrate and use part of their production to make a final juice product and sell the rest and suppliers that sell all their production of juice concentrate. Its worth to mention that a big part of the juice concentrate is exported outside Egypt to other countries and one of the main countries who import from Egypt are the Gulf countries. Therefore the supplier power is considerate high because the market is dominated by a few large suppliers rather than fragmented source of supply, supplier customer are fragmented, there is a possibility for supplier to increase concentrate juice prices and there is no substitute to the juice concentrate. To reduce supplier power in juice industry it is important to know what is the influence of outside factors to be taken in consideration to find a place in the m arket. Juice producers make a partnership with suppliers that produce juice concentrate to reduce the power of suppliers. Bargaining power of customers Bargaining power of customers is how much negotiation power the customers have and how much power he has over you in a specific industry or market, meaning how much customer can impose pressure in margin and volume. When buyer has a strong economic power the relationship to the producing industry is near to what economist call monopsony, a market where there is many suppliers and one buyer. In such case your ability to capture a high proportion of the value created will decrease, and you will earn lower profit. Having a few large buyers will have a significant leverage to negotiate price and others terms because you will be afraid losing an important buyer and volume which puts you in a weak position. Buyers have also power on you if they can produce the product themselves and they can play suppliers against each others. However there is a few large buyers and they buy in a large quantities. Meanwhile there are many small buyers that you have greater control over them because they buy a small portion of your sales. Bargaining power of consumer in the juice industry, there are three type of buyer which is the direct consumer, the retail outlets and the wholesalers. 75% of direct consumers for juice freshly prepare juice at home or they buy it from a plain juice shops. In this situation the main competition of those buyers is any plain juice shops or fresh fruit that can substitute the juice product. The juice producer can reduce this bargaining by offering a differentiated product and create loyalty to the brand that offers higher value as the juice freshly prepared its shelf life is limited. The Wholesalers are few in number therefore their bargaining power of consumer is significant due to the number of juice product that they do have on the retails shelf and how do they present the product to the consumer. The retails outlets are many in numbers and they do have a big number of products however the bargaining power of wholesalers and retail outlets are not significant if the consumers are loyal to the brand. Generally the juice industry in Egypt, buyers has more power than the entrepreneurs due to the fact that consumer have different option to entertainment, number of retail outlets that have a several product on self. Therefore the differentiation, creating value to the product and loyalty to the brand is very important. Threat of a new entrant Threat of a new entrant is how easy a competitor can enter into your industry or market? New competitors determents changes in the market environment in terms of gain market shares, pressure to reduce the prices which have an impact on profit and impact on customer loyalty at any time. In term of reaction and adjustment the existing players have a pressure on them. Threat of new entrant depends on barrier to enter industry or market and how the existing player will react with a new competitor. New entrant barrier is economies of scale, the experience that the existing players have which lead to cost advantage, high fixed assets cost and strong distribution channel of existing players. The existing of these barriers protects the existing player from the threat of new entrant. In addition the existent players can react by reducing price or forming a partnership to reduce the threat of a new entrant. Threat of new entrant is considerate in Egyptian juice industry due to high capital cost and knowledge required. Based on this usually the threat of new entrant is higher for the companies that are involved in manufacturing then service. Its not always negative that you do have a competition close to you. Some industry encourage a new entrant specially if they do have already experience in a similar field and they do have a big part of their capital already established such as the factory which just need the production line and having their own distribution channel. Threat of a substitutes products Threat of substitutes products, we give term substitutes to a product that a buyer can replace a business product with another one. What products your buyer can replace your product with? It exists when a buyer can replace your product with another product for the same purpose with a lower price. In such case they can attract a significant proportion of the market and have impact on sales and volume of the existing players. The substitutes product also applies on complementary product. The main factors that can affect substitutes product are customer shift to another similar product based on lower price because your product doesnt give different value from the competitors one and customer have a little loyalty to your product therefore, the threat of substitute is considerable. A substitute threat can be reduced by differentiating your product than the other existing in market and create loyalty to the brand through marketing initiative (TV, radio, outdoors advertisingetc). Following the new live styles trend, consumers became healthier conscious make the threat of substitutes products low in juice industry. The consumption of carbonated soft drinks decreased. The substitute product in this industry can be a healthy product such as fruit juice drink, fruit flavored drink, powdered fruit drinks can substitute the juice concentrate drink and it can also be substituted by milk , fruit base yogurt and mineral or bottled water. Variety of substitutes products are available at the market consumer have an open choices which they can choose whatever suits their needs. However they are not real substitutes products because juice is drunk in different time and occasions. Rivalry between existing firms Rivalry is the competition between existing firms in an industry. In certain industry the rivalry is high and has an impact on profit as you cannot set your own price and it can make the profit to zero. This force might be the most important in Poters five forces as it describe the intensity between existing players. The rivalry is called high when the competitors on a same industry have similar products with no differentiation and they compete in term of price. The market players are same in mass with comparable strategies. Having high barrier to exit the market and when the market is increasing slowly or shrinking this makes the rivalry a considerable force. To decrease the rivalry between existing players you should avoid price competition, differentiate your product and strategies, focus on a different sector and avoid high capacity production. The Egyptian juice market is a fragmented market with many players. Four companies have 50% of the market the rest are less than 5% each. The market is not only splited between the players in terms of market share but also shrinked by products. This means that there is a good chance to enter the market. However, PepsiCo the major competitive to Coca-Cola is preparing new juice launch during the current year. PepsiCo made a joint venture with Almarai Company (extremely successful dairy foods company in the Middle East) and have acquired Beyti well known brand name in Egypt. It produces a variety of high-quality dairy and juice. They are big in size with a very strong distribution channel however the consumer has a law loyalty to specific brand. This situation will make rivalry in the near future. Egypt juice market analysis Lets go more deep and look into the market analysis to be able to determine the juice market sucess . The goal is to be able to find out the market attractivness and understand more about the opportunity and threats of the sector. Key success factors Key success factors depend on two questions which need to be analyzed What does the consumer want? (Here we need to analyze the market) How to face the competition? (Competition analysis) In Egypt juice sector to make a success from the consumer point: Egyptians doesnt make a great difference between artificial distilled fruit beverage and fruit juice they are comparing products in terms of price. Therefore you need to have a competitive price or to build a differentiation strategy to enable you to set your price. Innovation is one of key success factors that need to be present to gain consumer. The consumer has a law loyalty to brands this makes the product availability in market very important. The availability plus the innovation in packages and product range that suits the new consumer life styles will help to build loyalty to the brand. For the competition, you need to be different in product image, have a strong distribution channel to be able to position yourself in the market and to start to compete. Demand Analysis Demand characteristic Following the new consumer life style, the juice market has a high demand based on questionnaire done by MEMRB agency to the Coca-Cola Egypt company here is the outcome. Those that consume juice product on monthly bases dont think it is as strong on Thirst quenching, Good for you, Great tasting and refreshing. However, an improvement on all measures for juice, frequent consumption coming from weekly consumers. Consumer that thinks that they are always doing new thinks shows growth from0% to 7% in 2008-2009 while the carbonated soft drinks shows 3% increase in 2009 and the one that things that uice gives energy shows an improvement from 5% to 9% for year 2008-2009 while the carbonated soft drinks shows a decrease from -6% to -11% for year 2008-2009. The market study also shows that the Egyptian consume 60% of juice drink out of home in cafà ©, shops or kiosks this is the opposite of the carbonated soft drinks percentage. 25% are consumed in morning occasions from 9-12am other than breakfast. Snacking the biggest occasion came with 36% it stats from 3-4pm. Bibliographies http://www.wikinvest.com/stock/Coca-Cola_Company_(KO) http://www.thecoca-colacompany.com/ Internal resources from the Coca-cola Egypt http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juice http://www.propertyshowrooms.com/egypt/property/investment/egypt-property-investment-strategies.asp http://www.globalpropertyguide.com/Middle-East/Egypt/gdp-per-capita http://www.dairyengineering.com/applejuice.asp http://www.quickmba.com/strategy/porter.shtml http://www.themanager.org/pdf/p5f.pdf http://www.ces.purdue.edu/extmedia/ec/ec-722.pdf

Animal Testing :: Animal Testing

Is it right to take the life of an innocent animal? Animals have been burnt, crushed, sliced, electrocuted, tortured with drugs, poisoned with toxic chemicals, and tormented in psychological testing. They do all these test just to make money or find if a chemical is safe for humans. Is this right? Lab experimentation involving animals is inhumane. Animal testing is cruel because an animal s life is just as important as a human s life, people are exploiting animals, and animal testing doesn’t t show whether or not a product is safe for humans.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In laboratories around the world, scientists test a company s product on animals. Why do these companies test their products on animals? Many scientists would argue that it s more cost-efficient to test products on animals than on humans. Others say that they experiment on animals because animals are not as important as humans, which isn’t necessarily true. Why should humans risk the death of animals for their own benefit? What makes a human s life any more valuable than any other creature s? Every creature on earth has one life to live, a common bond that all organisms share. Who is to say that one creature should have his one life taken away from him? This is different from eating another animal for survival purposes. Scientists do not need to test their products.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  People are exploiting lab animals because of their inability to communicate with humans. The prominent English philosopher Jeremy Bentham, when commenting on animal testing, is quoted as having said, The question is not can they reason? nor can they talk? but can they suffer? The answer to his question is yes. Historical information from animal observations shows that animals do, in fact, suffer. Because of an animal s inability to communicate or reason, does that mean that humans have the right to decide their fate? Testing a company s product on animals doesn’t t mean that it will necessarily be safe for humans. For example, the drugs Oraflex, Selacryn, Zomax, Meritol, and Suprol have produced side effects, even death, in humans.

Statue of Liberty Ribbon Essays -- Architecture History

Statue of Liberty Ribbon The Statue of Liberty has served as the single most important symbol of the friendship between the two countries and the ideal of democracy since its unveiling on October 28, 1886. At the time it was the tallest structure in America. The statue was originally a gift to the United States. The relationship between the two countries dates back before the United States was an independent country (Kotler p7). The French were one of the first to explore and settle in North America. Louis Jolliet and Jaques Marquette traveled the Mississippi. Renà © Robert Cavelier, sieur de La Salle explored the Great Lakes and established Louisiana. Frenchmen built outposts on the Gulf of Mexico, founded New Orleans, and colonized New France from Louisiana to northeast Canada. In the War of Independence, the Marquis de Lafayette fought with General George Washington. In its final battle at Yorktown, General Jean Baptiste de Rochambeau led the French navy and a land crew. Without French support a victory may have been impossible. The United States returned these favors during t...

Football Violence

Football hooliganism is increasing in Scotland, but in the 80s that’s when football violence was at its worse. Over the past years it has being increasing in vast numbers of football thugs from different cities and whenever there team play they travel to the game and after hoping for a fight with the opposite firm.The first recorded incident of a large scale crowd fight was in 1909 with Glasgow Celtic and Glasgow Rangers. Scotland’s first organised firm was Aberdeen (Aberdeen Soccer Casuals) which included Punks and skinheads. The ‘casual’ name became a big part in it because they wore casual clothing such as big brands known as Fila, Lacoste, ellesse and Adidas original. In this clothing they were disguised and had no trouble with police and now that there fights were organised it was bound to happen.The other Scottish firms such as St.Mirren (Love Street Division), Clyde (Shawfield Shed End Boys), Dundee and Dundee United (Dundee Utility), Celtic (Celtic Soccer crew), Rangers (ICF Inter City Firm), Hibernian (Capital City Service), Motherwell (Saturday Service), Partick Thistle (North Glasgow Express), Falkirk (fear) And Dunfermline (Carnegie Soccer service), but topping all those firms was the victorious ASC Aberdeen Soccer Casuals.In the 1980s the Aberdeen’s ASC and Hibernians CCS became the most feared casual force in Scotland but as Hibernian edging their way to the top spot after a few years. From the 2000s the casual scene has declined in Scotland but recently firms such as Aberdeen, Dundee Utility, Celtic Soccer Crew, Hibernian, Hearts, Partick Thistle, Airdrie, Love Street Division and Rangers Still have a large number of casuals active. In the Euros of 96 the CCS (hibs) along with Celtic’s CSC, Dundee Utility, Partick Thistle’s NGE, Motherwell’s SS, St Mirren’s LSD, and Aberdeen ASC organised a fight with Chelsea, Millwall, Rangers and Airdrie Section B in the centre of Trafalgar square. T his incident attracted worldwide media with footage of the two large firms during the action.In the 2000s the police had to come up a solution to reduce the numbers of firms and in a result of this any football casual caught in action was handed a stretch of five years in prison, the government hit the casual scene hard by doing this. They also increased the number of CCTV in Britain. In Scotland they also introduced FoCus police which go to games and video a suspicious crowd and they will try and gather  on suspects of the football firm. It has worked out to be a good idea and it has caused some football clubs to ban the some of the casuals from the ground temporary or even permanently, this at least stops violence inside the grounds of the football club.Football violence in Scotland is bad but in England its history goes way back. England has double the firms and probably triples the amount of casual members. In England football hooliganism is far worse than what it is in Scotla nd but the police are on top of it. I think all this violence at football should be stopped because it is a family sport there are children at the game, not only violence but racism and sectarianism should also have a stop put to it and the worst culprits are the English because of the size of the country the members of the firms double.Schemes like ‘Show Racism the Red Card’ have had an impact on the situation because racism is out of order but also really offensive. In the modern day it is the youngsters keeping the scene alive that is why it is increasing but still a lot of older casuals. The younger firms out there such as Hibs baby crew (hibs), Rangers Youth (rangers), Celtic baby crew (celtic), Alliance Under Fives (Dundee, Dundee utd) Paisley Under Fives (st.mirren) Morton youth (Morton) and many more there are a lot more younger firms trying to live up to their club firms reputation.The youngsters see themselves as the next generation but they are young and obvi ously don’t know what they are getting themselves into. Football violence is a horrible thing and very dangerous so it is vital that the police are always on their toes ready for the firms to kick off at any moment and cause catastrophe in Britain’s streets. The police are cracking down on the big names in the game which is good progress and hopefully in feature years the casual scene is totally broke down and football fans don’t need to worry about their safety and enjoy the wonderful game of football.